lensmaio.blogg.se - Are new york and london the only global cities?

We measure innovation through the scientific impact of research universities, patenting, and venture capital flows.

Innovation: A region’s innovative capacity has implications for its ability to develop and deploy commercial applications, start new businesses, and maintain industrial competitiveness in the face of disruptive technological change.

We measure tradable industries using data on greenfield foreign direct investment, which is inextricably bound up with traded industry clusters, and the productivity differential (measured as output per worker) between a metro area’s traded sector and that traded sector nationwide. These industries are typically anchored by globally engaged firms, which have valuable spillovers for local economies. Tradable Clusters: Tradable industries are a critical driver of prosperity and competitiveness.

To develop the typology, we utilized a series of statistical techniques to group metropolitan economies with their closest peers based on a set of 35 stock variables that measure metropolitan-level economic characteristics, industrial structure, and key competitiveness factors: